Introduction

India, with over 1.4 billion people, is the world’s most populous nation. Nearly 65% of its population is under 35 years of age, giving it a rare demographic advantage. This youthful population can become a driver of economic growth, but only if adequate jobs and skills are provided. Otherwise, the same advantage may turn into a liability.

Demographic Dividend: An Opportunity

A large working-age population can boost productivity, savings, and economic growth. According to the World Bank, effective use of the demographic dividend can add about 2% to India’s annual GDP growth. India’s youth can power industries like IT, manufacturing, green energy, healthcare, and logistics. With the right training, India can also emerge as a global talent hub, especially in technology and innovation.

Challenges of Population and Jobs in India

However, the opportunity also poses challenges. India needs to create 1 million jobs every month to absorb its growing workforce. The PLFS 2023–24 reported that unemployment among educated youth was 6.5%, nearly twice the national average of 3.2%.While millions of young people join the labour force each year, job creation lags behind. Many work in low-paying informal jobs. Barriers such as poor-quality education, automation, gender inequality, and regional disparities deepen the problem. Population pressure also strains healthcare, housing, and natural resources.

Government Measures

Programs like Skill India Mission, Startup India, PM Mudra Yojana, and Make in India are designed to improve skills, encourage entrepreneurship, and generate jobs. Investments in MSMEs, infrastructure, and digital platforms are helping expand opportunities.

Way Forward

To fully harness its demographic advantage, India must:

• Improve education quality and focus on vocational training.
• Encourage labour-intensive industries like textiles, agriculture processing, and tourism.
• Increase women’s participation through safe workplaces and flexible work policies.
• Invest in green jobs, AI, and renewable energy sectors.
• Strengthen ties with global supply chains to absorb skilled youth.

Conclusion
India’s population can be a great asset if converted into skilled human capital. By focusing on jobs, skills, and inclusivity, India can transform its demographic dividend into a true foundation for becoming a developed nation by 2047.